Background and Aims: lamivudine is amongst the antiviral for drug chronic hepatitis B treatment. During therapy with lamivudine, variants may emerge with YMDD mutation in the reverse transcriptase (RT) region of polymerase gene. This mutation might have a role in drug resistant for HBV. Materials and Methods: HBV DNA extraction from serum sample of 88 patients, were subjected to nested PCR for ...

The emergence of resistance to lamivudine has been one of the major stumbling blocks to successful treatment and control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. The major mechanism of resistance has been attributed to the alteration in the YMDD motif of the HBV polymerase due to an amino acid change of rtM204 to V/I and an accompanying rtL180M conversion. A novel mutation pattern in a patient ha...

The antiretroviral nucleoside analog 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC) is a potent inhibitor of wild-type human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT). A methionine-to-valine or methionine-to-isoleucine substitution at residue 184 in the HIV-1 YMDD motif, which is located at the RT active site, leads to a high level of resistance to 3TC. We sought to determine whethe...

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) pregenomic RNA contains a hairpin structure (ε) located in the preCore region, essential for viral replication. ε stability is enhanced by the presence of preCore variants and ε is recognized by the HBV polymerase (Pol). Mutations in the retrotranscriptase domain (YMDD) of Pol are associated with treatment resistance. The aim of this study was to analyze the preCore regi...

direct regenerations by using mature cotyledonary node as a explants has been shown to be time-saving and convenient strategy for micropropagation of soybean. so we have evaluated regeneration protocol through single shoot using cotyledonary node as a rapid and efficient protocol for two soybean cultivars and one mutant line. cotyledonary nodes explants obtained from 7-days-old in vitro seedlin...

Background/Aims : Emergence of tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate (YMDD) motif in reverse transcriptase is a serious problem chronic hepatitis B(CHB) patients after Lamivudine (LAM) therapy. However, the relationship between inflammation pharmacological reaction and YMDD mutational patterns CHB has not been well-characterized. The aim this study was to investigate different mutants patient...