Using animals as research subjects in medical investigations is widely condemned on two grounds: first, because it wrongly violates the rights of animals, and second, because it wrongly imposes on sentient creatures much avoidable suffering. Neither of these arguments is sound. The first relies on a mistaken understanding of rights; the second relies on a mistaken calculation of consequences. B...

Prisons are essential to a safe and civil society. Prisons are also costly for the taxpayers whose government houses, feeds, medicates, and supervisesmillions of people under lock andkey. This expense is compounded by errors in the u.S. legal system that produces both false guilty verdicts and overly harsh penalties. It’s time for the united States to take a closer look at these unnecessary inc...

Publications are increasingly (often wrongly) being used as research outputs. Furthermore, ‘impacts’ of such publications are often (wrongly as well) measured using ‘citations’. Popular metric, like the ‘Hirsch index’, or ‘h-index’ is used as yardstick for judging the quality of individual researchers. However, there are many controversies around it, whether it is a good yardstick, which could ...

Purpose In any information security risk assessment, vulnerabilities are usually identified by information-gathering techniques. However, vulnerability identification errors wrongly identified or unidentified vulnerabilities can occur as uncertain data are used. Furthermore, businesses’ security needs are not considered sufficiently. Hence, security functions may not protect business assets suf...