The World Trade Organization’s (WTO) goal of liberalizing multilateral trade does not exist in a vacuum; that is to say, liberalizing trade is not an end in itself. The preamble to the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (“Marrakesh Agreement”), explicitly states that “[t]he Parties to this Agreement, recognizing that their relations in the field of trade and economic [endeavor]...

Sub Saharan African agriculture is currently facing challenges in international trade with respect to external market access conditions and competition in world markets as a result of trade liberalization efforts under the world trade organization (WTO) agreements and in particular the agreement on agriculture (AoA). This paper presents the performance of agricultural exports for selected count...

This article, which closely follows a paper that REIL was asked to prepare by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), considers the question of non-tariff barriers and renewable energy primarily from the perspective of the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Further work that REIL is engaged in will also consider regional and bilateral trade and investment agreem...

ABSTRACT By prohibiting subsidies that support illegal, unregulated, or unreported fishing activities and contribute to the unsustainable depletion of marine resources, 2022 Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies (AFS) is first World Trade Organization (WTO) treaty recognize a specific trade policy instrument can have adverse consequences for global commons. We assess AFS as such through lens broader...

each country who wants to access the world trade organization have tocorrespond their regulation with wto principles. one of the areas whererules uniformity must be done, is in the agricultural section. this subject isreviewed, in uruguay round as agricultural agreement. iran mustcoordinate its regulation in agricultural part with world trade organizationand its agreement regulations. however, ...

In this paper, two key questions are asked: why has the GATT/WTO worked in terms of multilateral tariff reduction and promotion of global trade, and to what extent will it act as a constraint on economic nationalism? To answer these two questions, three themes are laid out in the paper: first, the seminal economic model rationalizing the economic logic of the GATT/WTO is assessed; second, the p...

What’s the Buzz? In the summer of 2002, I started to circulate research that argued it is not clear that the World Trade Organization (“WTO”) or its pre-1995 predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (“GATT”) have actually increased trade. My argument was empirical and used two sorts of evidence. First, in my 2004 paper, I used bilateral and multilateral data sets to show that trad...

Despite debuting to little fanfare under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), dispute settlement under the World Trade Organization (WTO) has been called the “backbone of the multilateral trading system.” Indeed, whereas GATT dispute settlement could scarcely have seemed more flawed, the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) is widely touted for boosting confidence in an in...

Amidst the COVID-19 crisis, international trade was particularly important to guarantee supply of medical and other goods. This article analyses trade-related policies found in World Trade Organization (WTO) system from February October 2020. We used Database WTO members’ notifications on COVID-19, including information 198 notifications. It allows us observe trend notifications, countries prod...

The order of World Trade Organization (WTO), which deals with international trade at the global level, allows handling also regional level under certain conditions. In this context, agreements (RTA) have been signed and trend continues. Such treaties named differently whereas they essentially same functions. On other hand, while there is an advanced dispute settlement mechanism within WTO, simi...