Using life-cycle inventory production data, the net global warming potential (GWP) of a typical inland Northwest softwood lumber mill was evaluated for a variety of fuel types used as boiler inputs and for electricity generation. Results focused on reductions in carbon emissions in terms of GWP relative to natural gas as the fossil alternative. Woody feedstocks included mill residues, forest re...

The morphological and topochemical changes in wood tissues in compression wood of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) upon treated with two types of ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]) and 1-ethylpyridinium bromide ([EtPy][Br]) were investigated. Compression wood tracheids were swollen by both ionic liquids but their swelling behaviors were different in the types...

Executive Summary Forests are expected to have an important role in climate change mitigation under future climate change policy. Currently, much of the interest in forests centers on the opportunity to sequester carbon as part of a cap and trade policy. In addition to sequestering emitted carbon, forest resources reduce carbon emissions at the source when substituted for the fossil fuels curre...

During the past twenty years, the use of wood has become popular as an alternative to conventional home heating fuels. Part of this movement has been due to uncertainty about the availability of fossil fuels. About ten percent of space heating in urbanized areas of the northern United States is from wood burning, with up to fifty percent in some .smaller, rural towns (42, 63, 75, 85). Wood is o...

Using wood wastes provides an opportunity to avoid fossil carbon emissions from the combustion of natural gas or other fossil fuels. Using a life-cycle assessment, a new biomass boiler sourced by forest residuals, sawmill residuals, and clean demolition material (CDM) was compared with an existing natural gas boiler for supplying heat to a large-scale district heating system. Potential alternat...

The aims of this study were to evaluate the energy consumption and its modeling in industrial milk production units using data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach and sensitivity analysis. Data were collected from 44 industrial milk production units in Guilan province of Iran with face to face questionnaire method during 2012-2013. Inputs included animal feed, fossil fuels, electricity, machine...

The conventional energy source in cement industries is fossil fuels, mainly coal, which has a high environmental footprint. On average, expenditures account for 40% of the overall production costs per ton cement. Reducing both impact and economic expenditure involves incorporating alternative sources (fuels) such as biomass, solid-derived fuel (SDF), refuse-derived (RDF) etc. However, within pl...

This paper investigates interfuel substitution in the UK manufacturing sector. Econometric models of inter-fuel substitution are applied to energy inputs aggregated by their energy use, and separately for thermal heating processes, where interfuel substitution is technologically feasible. Compared to aggregate data, estimated own-price fuel demand elasticities for all fuels and cross-price elas...