Assuming an adiabatic evolution of a Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) remnant interacting with an external medium, we calculate the injection, cooling, and absorption break frequencies, and the afterglow flux for plausible orderings of the break and observing frequencies. The analytical calculations are restricted to a relativistic remnant and, in the case of collimated ejecta, to the phase where there is...

The global electricity supply from non-hydro renewable energies, such as wind and solar, has being growing at a high rate, and it is expected that this trend persists. In China, Wind power is one of the most mature renewable energy technologies and it is possible to be utilized in large-scale. However, in the long run, the malicious competition will break the rule of the monopoly wind power mar...

Spatial distributions of snow in mountain environments represent the time integration of accumulation and ablation processes, and are strongly and dynamically linked to mountain hydrologic, ecologic, and climatic systems. Accurate measurement and modeling of the spatial distribution and variability of the seasonal mountain snowpack at different scales are imperative for water supply and hydropo...

Wind-break walls along Lanxin High-Speed Railway II were studied and approved as effective measures to reduce strong wind damage the high-speed trains. The results show that sand sedimentation on leeward sides of wind-break railway within Gobi Desert could significantly threaten operation safety running Different from current prevention without adequate consideration deposition process airborne...

We investigate the effect of X-ray echo emission in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). We find that the echo emission can provide an alternative way of understanding X-ray shallow decays and jet breaks. In particular, a shallow decay followed by a “normal” decay and a further rapid decay of X-ray afterglows can be together explained as being due to the echo from prompt X-ray emission scattered by dust gr...

The theoretical optimal olfactory search strategy is to move cross-wind. Empirical evidence supporting wind-associated directionality among carnivores, however, is sparse. We examined satellite-linked telemetry movement data of adult female polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Hudson Bay, Canada, in relation to modelled winds, in an effort to understand olfactory search for prey. In our results, ...

High-resolution X-ray grating spectroscopy enables us to measure the kinematics and spatial distribution of the shock-heated wind plasma in O and early B stars, testing the predictions of the embedded wind shock scenario of massive star Xray production. By fitting models to the resolved, Doppler broadened X-ray emission line profiles measured by the Chandra X-ray Observatory’s grating spectrome...

This paper proposes a new control strategy based on Voronoi diagram for autonomous sailboats. This strategy applies the method of Voronoi diagram to decompose the space and uses a lookup table to make the boat sail as planned. The contribution of this paper is that for the first time it proposes an approach to control autonomous sailboats without the data from wind sensors (with data from GPS a...