We pursue Ginsparg and Wilsons’ block spin approach in the derivation of the Ginsparg-Wilson relation and study the correspondence of the eigenmodes of the Dirac operators in the continuum and lattice theories. After introducing a suitable cut-off in the continuum theory, we identify unphysical modes of the lattice Dirac operator which do not correspond to any physical modes of the regulated co...

In a Wall Street Journal article published on April 5, 2013, E. O. Wilson attempted to make the case that biologists do not really need to learn any mathematics-whenever they run into difficulty with numerical issues, they can find a technician (aka mathematician) to help them out of their difficulty. He formalizes this in Wilsons Principle No. 1: "It is far easier for scientists to acquire nee...

Understanding the role of transporters in placental handling of xenobiotics across the maternal-fetal interface is essential to evaluate the pharmacological and toxicological potential of therapeutic agents, drugs of abuse, and other xenobiotics to which the mother is exposed during pregnancy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess mRNA levels of various transporters in placenta and...

OBJECTIVE To assess the positive predictive value (PPV) of a clinical score for viral failure among patients fulfilling the WHO-criteria for anti-retroviral treatment (ART) failure in rural Lesotho. METHODS Patients fulfilling clinical and/or immunological WHO failure-criteria were enrolled. The score includes the following predictors: Prior ART exposure (1 point), CD4-count below baseline (1...

atherosclerosis is the most common cause of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. various risk factors have been identified for atherosclerosis. recently, bacterial and viral organisms, which are involved in chronic inflammatory processes, have been also implicated in atherosclerosis development. individuals with a prior history of periodontal diseases and/or tooth loss are considered to be...

Introduction: Dry thermal burns are one of the most devastating conditions encountered in health. The dry thermal burns injury represents an assault on all aspects of the patient, from the physical to the psychological. Autopsy has previously been shown to be a useful retrospective diagnostic tool; however we challenge its reliability as a result of our study. The percentage of TBSA involved is...