Theoretically, conformance yields interworking and interoperability. However, experience has shown problems even when systems are conforming to the same standard. By having a glimpse at its methodology, conformance testing addresses the tested system as an isolated entity. Prior to real procurement, on the other hand, network operators apply a set of modifications that make a system applicable ...

The subject of this article is the intertwining between Walter Chatton and William Ockham’s theories about cognitive nature prophetic statements, a topic in theological debate early 14th century. Starting from recent interpretations theory terms distinction externalism internalism, reading some sources where prophecy crucial (for Chatton: Reportatio Super Sententias, I, dd. 38-39, less investig...

We will argue that this construction combines semantic and syntactic quirks that necessitate a constructional analysis. Further, we will show that specifying the pragmatic properties of the construction (and in particular the presuppositions that introduces) allows for a particularly elegant account of the construction’s distribution. This, in turn, provides further support for the sign-based v...

Entropy can be defined as the antithesis of well-formed true reports that agree with each other and with the material facts accessible through the experience of one or more competent observers. The abstract convergence (strictly formal, logical agreement) of true narrative representations (TNRs)—ordinary valid reports of facts of experience—makes them formally more complete than fictions, error...

0963-9969/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. A doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.02.001 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 (0) 1472 582400. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S.J. Jame James). URL: http://www.frperc.com (C. James). Any noticeable increase in ambient temperature resulting from climatic change will have a substantial effect on the current and developing food cold-chain. A rise in...

This paper propo~s a reversible architecture to handle not orily syntactic and semantic information but also pragmatic information. • I Existing architectures cannot represent pragmatic informatioil explicitly, and lack reasoning capability;given insufficient information. I argue that the techniques of plan representation and approximate reasoning are, in the enhanced argumentation system propo...

With the aim of more emphasis on pragmatics and its inclusion in EFL classrooms, this study attempted to investigate the effectiveness of obtrusive and unobtrusive focus on form instructions on learners’ pragmatic performance of criticizing in English. 54 Iranian learners, all at intermediate level, participated in this study, and they were divided into three groups: 19 participants receiving o...

Intersentential elliptical utterances occur frequently during information-seeking dialogs in task domains. This paper presents a pragmatics-based framework for interpreting such utterances. Discourse expectations and focusing heuristics are used to facilitate recognition of an information-seeker's intent in uttering an elliptical fragment. The ellipsis is comprehended by identifying both the as...