Analysis of the characteristics of agricultural product price volatility and trend forecasting are necessary to formulate and implement agricultural price control policies. Taking wholesale cabbage prices as an example, a multiple test methodology has been adopted to identify the nonlinearity, fractality, and chaos of the data. The approaches used include the R/S analysis, the BDS test, the pow...

Myriad challenges beset wholesales banks today – heavy regulations, evolving customer needs, decreasing profit margins, increasing transaction volumes, massive competition from both traditional banks and the newer non-banking finance companies, increased high-tech financial crimes, and rapid technology changes, to name just a few. Managing these challenges requires timely and deeper insights on...

This paper reviews present day test structures and illustrates how they hav e ev olved to a continuously changing technology. Structures for measuring resistivity, contact resistance, feature dimensions and overlay errors are presented. Test structures for helping to predict yield and Wafer Reliability Measurements (WLR) are also discussed.

The objective of this study is to analyze whether a discount or premium exists for coordination strategies in food processing, wholesale grocery, retail supermarkets, and restaurants. Significant premiums are found for food processor and restaurant vertical integration or diversification strategies. Significant discounts are found for food wholesaler and retail supermarket integration or divers...

In recent years, a number of mergers have occurred in the petroleum industry involving upstream firms that are imperfectly integrated into retail markets. In order to empirically evaluate the competitive effects of such mergers, this paper proposes a structural model of supply and demand that reflects divisions between upstream producers and downstream retailers. Neither downstream costs includ...

In this paper we relate a bank’s choice between retail and wholesale liabilities to real economic uncertainty and the resulting volatility of bank loan volumes. We argue that since the volume of retail deposits is slow and costly to adjust to shocks in the volume of bank assets, banks facing more intense uncertainty and more volatile loan demand tend to employ more wholesale liabilities rather ...

Benford’s law predicts the frequency of the first digit of numbers met in a wide range of naturally occurring phenomena. In data sets, following Benford’s law, numbers are started with a small leading digit more often than those with a large leading digit. This law can be used as a tool for detecting fraud and abnormally in the number sets and any fabricated number sets. This can be used as an ...

GIS began as a highly specialized application of information technology, with its own hardware devices for input and output, its own data structures, and its own algorithms for data processing. Through time more and more aspects of GIS have become mainstream, and more and more standard approaches have been adopted to replace earlier specialized ones, taking advantage of the economies of scale i...

Computer architectures have entered a watershed as the quantity of network data generated by user applications exceeds the data-processing capacity of any individual computer end-system. It will become impossible to scale existing computer systems while a gap grows between the quantity of networked data and the capacity for per system data processing. Despite this, the growth in demand in both ...