The concept of measurement is discussed. It is argued that counting process in mathematics is also measurement which requires a basic unit. The idea of scale is put forward. The basic unit itself, which are composed of the infinitesimal of uncertainty quantum, can be regarded as infinite in another scale. Thus infinite, infinitesimal and integer ”1” are unified. It is proposed that multiplicati...

Like learning analytics, physics education research is a relatively young field that draws on perspectives from multiple disciplines. Network analysis has an even more heterodox perspective, with roots in mathematics, sociology, and, recently, computer science and physics. This paper reviews how network been used it connects to some of the work this special issue. Insights suggest combining soc...

Staircase walks are lattice paths from to which take diagonal steps and which never fall below the -axis. A path hitting the -axis times is assigned a weight of where . A simple local Markov chain which connects the state space and converges to the Gibbs measure (which normalizes these weights) is known to be rapidly mixing when , and can easily be shown to be rapidly mixing when . We give the ...

Astigmatism’s defect has not yet been formulated in Physics and medical physics books theoretically. In this paper, we are trying to formulate the astigmatism’s defect. The results of formulation show that “the degree of astigmatism is negative reverse the distance that vision’s condition of astigmatism’s chart lines change conditions in dimness angle from dimness condition at infinite distance...