toury (1978:200) believes that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions. being polite while asking for something takes place differently in different cultures and languages, therefore various strategies may be applied for making requests and also translation of them in order not to disturb or threaten the face or better to sa...

There has been a long-lasting problem in ethics: how can one think of justice and goodness as consistent? Imam Ali also explores the connection between them. Whereas he defined justice as “putting things in their places” or “giving everyone his own right”, he referred to the common good as “what is achieved by justice” to show that the common good depends on justice. On the other hand, there ar...

two groups of students were assigned as experimental and control ones, and were given instruction on directed reading-thinking activities and after some treatment, they were post-tested. although the initial pre-test did not show any significant differences, the final post-test result revealed that the cooperative reading comprehension helped the experimental group. the cooperative students’...