that any educated person can spell, yet literate adults commonly characterize themselves as poor spellers and make spelling mistakes. Many children have trouble spelling, but we do not know how many, or in relation to what standard, because state accountability assessments seldom include a direct measure of spelling competence. Few state standards specify what, exactly, a student at each grade ...

Multi-site rainfall models are useful tools to provide synthetic realizations of spatially-correlated at multiple stations, which great importance for flood and drought risk assessment climate change impact analysis. Therefore, a good preservation various observed characteristics including time-series statistics event individual stations the inter-site correlations these is very crucial. To ach...

Spelling Correction is a process of detecting and sometimes providing suggestions for incorrectly spelled words in a text. Spell Checker is an application program that flags words in a document that may not be spelled correctly. Spell Checker may be stand-alone capable of operating on a block a text such as word processor, electronic dictionary. When some text is given as an input to spell chec...

Spell checking is considered a solved problem, but with the rapid development of the natural language processing the new results are slowly extending the means of spell checking towards grammar checking. In this article I review some of the spell checking error classes in a broader sense, the related problems, their state-of-the-art solutions and their different nature on different types of lan...

In this paper we revisit the task of spell checking focusing on target word recovery. We propose a new approach that relies on phonetic information to improve the accuracy of clustering algorithms in identifying misspellings and generating accurate suggestions. The use of phonetic information is not new to the task of spell checking and it was used successfully in previous approaches. The combi...

Contextual spell correction is very important for real word error correction. It gives the correct word for an incorrect word in a particular sentence. The traditional spell checker can correct those misspelled words which are not present in dictionary but here we try to develop a spell checker which can give appropriate word on the basis of the contextual meaning of the sentence. This spell ch...

Persistent dry and wet spells can arise from stationary weather situations or recurrent flow patterns result in significant socio-economic impacts. Here, we study the effects of synoptic-scale transient Rossby wave packets (RRWPs) on persistence using ERA-Interim reanalysis data. RRWPs significantly alter (decrease increase) spell across globe. Spatial statistically links between durations supe...

We investigate the extent and type of state dependence in labor market outcomes for young low-skilled Australians. Our model allows for three labor force states, employment, unemployment and out of the labor force, and for observed and unobserved heterogeneity.We find evidence of occurrence dependence, but no lagged duration dependence. A past employment spell increases the probability of emplo...

Spell checkers in Indian languages are the basic tools that need to be developed. A spell checker is a software tool that identifies and corrects any spelling mistakes in a text. Spell checkers can be combined with other applications or they can be distributed individually. In this paper the authors are discussing both the approaches and their roles in various applications.

In this paper we propose a simple, flexible and efficient hybrid spell checking methodology based upon phonetic matching, supervised learning and associative matching in the AURA neural system. We integrate Hamming Distance and n-gram algorithms that have high recall for typing errors and a phonetic spell-checking algorithm in a single novel architecture. Our approach is suitable for any spell ...