Let B n be the braid group on n 4 strands. We prove that B n modulo its center is co-Hoppan. We then show that any injective endomorphism of B n is geometric in the sense that it is induced by a homeomorphism of a punctured disk. We further prove that any injection from B n to B n+1 is geometric for n 7. Additionally, we obtain analogous results for mapping class groups of punctured spheres. Th...

Extracting relations from text corpora is an important task in text mining. It becomes particularly challenging when focusing on weakly-supervised relation extraction, that is, utilizing a few relation instances (i.e., a pair of entities and their relation) as seeds to extract more instances from corpora. Existing distributional approaches leverage the corpus-level co-occurrence statistics of e...

The purpose of this note is to construct a non-hopfian and finitely generated group 5 which is in no way complicated. This group S is a generalised free square of the free nilpotent group A of class two on two generators. Since A satisfies the maximum condition, S differs radically from the non-hopfian groups constructed by Graham Higman [ l ] , with which it may be compared. I t may perhaps be...

A group Γ is defined to be cofinitely Hopfian if every homomorphism Γ → Γ whose image is of finite index is an automorphism. Geometrically significant groups enjoying this property include certain relatively hyperbolic groups and many lattices. A knot group is cofinitely Hopfian if and only if the knot is not a torus knot. A free-by-cyclic group is cofinitely Hopfian if and only if it has trivi...

In this paper and its sequel, we prove that injective homomorphisms between Teichmüller modular groups of compact orientable surfaces are necessarily isomorphisms, if an appropriately measured “size” of the surfaces in question differs by at most one. In particular, we establish the co-Hopfian property for modular groups of surfaces of positive genus.

let r be a g-graded ring and m be a g-graded r-module. in this article, we introduce the concept of graded weakly classical prime submodules and give some properties of such submodules.