groundwater is one of the common resources in varamin plain, but due to over extraction it has been exposed to ruin. this phenomenon will lead to economic and environmental problems. on the other hand, the world is expected to face with more stochastic events of water supply. furthermore, incorporating stochastic consideration of water supply becomes more acute in designing water facilities. th...

For prepaid charging of water, the Prepaid Water control circuit connection had been introduced .Main purpose this system is to monitor water meter readings without visiting customer's location. This has an advantage fast and precise calculation usage water. helps prevent misuse by illegal customers. The implementation method will assist finer management, conservation energy also in doing away ...

As water is an essential component of the planetary life support system, water deficiency constitutes an insecurity that has to be overcome in the process of socio-economic development. The paper analyses the origin and appearance of blue as well as green water scarcity on different scales and with particular focus on risks to food production and water supply for municipalities and industry. It...

Water supply system is socially, politically, and financially critical, and long term security of water supply has to be met in spite of the huge uncertainty in its operation decades since the time of design. Everyone concerned with architecting such a system faces a common challenge: how do we design a system to perform well in a constantly evolving and thus risky context? As one of the water-...

Adaptation measures are necessary for reducing the impacts of extreme climatic events, especially at the community scale. Constructed wetlands and rainwater harvesting systems are commonly used as on-site water supply systems for distributed adaptation. The purpose of this study is to build a community water supply model and to evaluate the performance of low impact development (LID) modules as...

The yield of an urban water supply system is defined as the average annual volume of water that can be supplied from the water supply system over a given planning period, subject to streamflow variability, operating rules and demand pattern, without violating the adopted level of service. Since yield plays a key role in the management of urban water supply systems, it is important for water aut...