Surface and groundwater always contain hardness ions (Ca2+ Mg2+). The is an important characteristic that provides the consumer properties of water. This parameter must be taken into consideration by stations water treatment, thermal power plants, enterprises chemical, food, pharmaceutical industries. Ion exchange resins, which are intended for softening, considered in this chapter. negative ef...

Building a self-gravitating hydrodynamic code as a combination of a hydrodynamic solver and a gravity solver is discussed. We show that straightforward combining those two solvers generally leads to a code that does not conserve energy locally, and instead a special Consistency Condition ought to be satisfied. A particular example of combining Softened Lagrangian Hydrodynamics (SLH) with a PM g...

Avocado is an important tropical fruit with high commercial value, but has a relatively short storage life. In this study, the effects of cold shock treatment (CST) on shelf life of naturally ripened and ethylene-ripened avocado fruits were investigated. Fruits were immersed in ice water for 30 min, then subjected to natural or ethylene-induced ripening. Fruit color; firmness; respiration rate;...

This paper first achieved a triplet “backbone molecular structure−Ca responsivity−synthesis methodology” multiscale study in the field of chemistry through preparing a series of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) based pH-responsive brush copolymers (i.e., poly(methyl methacrylate (MMA)-co-2-(2-bromoisobutyryloxy)ethyl methacrylate (BIEM)-graf t-acrylic acid (AA)) with three backbone composition profiles...

One of innovate techniques that was used for improvement of water treatment process is application of ultrasound waves. In this study, different applications of ultrasound technology in water treatment process such as membrane filtration, turbidity and total suspended solid reduction, algae removal, disinfection process, water softening process and other pollutants removal such as halomethanes ...

In this paper we describe an adaptive softening length formalism for collisionless N−body and self-gravitating Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) calculations which conserves momentum and energy exactly. This means that spatially variable softening lengths can be used in N−body calculations without secular increases in energy. The formalism requires the calculation of a small additional term...

A nonlinear chemical/physical dynamic model in the form of partial differential equations was adopted and further developed to serve as a basis for model predictive control of a pellet reactor for drinking water softening. The model was calibrated using full-scale process measurements. A linear predictive controller based on a lineralization of the model has been designed to achieve the desired...

The traditional techniques employed for embedding plant samples are not suitable for the proper processing of small seeds with hard seed coats. Usually, these seeds are broken off from blocks during microtomy, which limits the technical success of this procedure. In this study, Melastomataceae seeds of 101 species were treated prior to embedding in historesin according to three treatments: (1) ...

A model stomach system was used to investigate disintegration of various foods in simulated gastric environment. Food disintegration modes and typical disintegration profiles are summarized in this paper. Mechanisms contributing to the disintegration kinetics of different foods were investigated as related to acidity, temperature, and enzymatic effect on the texture and changes in microstructur...