Cluster ions and residue nanoparticles with sizes below 30 nm were generated by electrospraying (ES) and drying droplets of pure water, tap water, and aqueous solutions of salts. The mobility spectra of the cluster ions between 9.1 and 9.3 x 10(-5) m2/(V s) were measured using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) operated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. A modified Faraday cup an...

We have investigated the thermodynamics of sulfuric acid dimer hydration using ab initio quantum mechanical methods. For (H(2)SO(4))(2)(H(2)O)(n) where n = 0-6, we employed high-level ab initio calculations to locate the most stable minima for each cluster size. The results presented herein yield a detailed understanding of the first deprotonation of sulfuric acid as a function of temperature f...

An experiment was conducted to demonstrate the utility of quantitative fracture flow visualization techniques in the study of entrapped fluid phase (air) dissolution into a flowing phase (water) within a horizontal, transparent, analog rough-walled fracture. The fracture aperture field and phase occupancy were measured using light transmission techniques and then combined to calculate bulk wate...

The objective is to identify the spatial and temporal variability of the hydrochemical quality of the water column in a subtropical coastal system, Daya Bay, China. Water samples were collected in four seasons at 12 monitoring sites. The Southeast Asian monsoons, northeasterly from October to the next April and southwesterly from May to September have also an important influence on water qualit...

How salts affect water structure is an important topic in many research fields. Salt-water clusters can be used as model systems to extract interaction information that is difficult to obtain directly from bulk solutions. In the present study, integrated tempering sampling molecular dynamics (MD) are combined with quantum mechanics (QM) calculations to overcome the sampling problem in cluster s...

Ion hydrates in polar solutions is a rich and multi-discipline topic. Examples can be found in molecular biology topics such as nerve signal transfer, electrolyte transport, nutrient transport through cell walls, and inter-cell communication. Industrial applications such as toxic chemical studies and treatment in ground water, and polar solvent hydration of surfaces. Examples of these are UO2 a...

A new hypothetical mechanism is proposed for photoassembly of the (Mn)4-cluster of the photosynthetic oxygen evolving complex (OEC). In this process, a neutral radical of Y(Z) tyrosine plays a role in oxidizing Mn2+ associated with an apo-OEC, and also in abstracting a proton from a water molecule bound to the Mn2+ ion, together with D1-His190. This is in a similar fashion to the metallo-radica...

Abstract Human being cannot maintain her life in the earth without air and water. Especially, the nature of water has not been evident even now from scientific viewpoint. It has been reported that it is strongly influenced by the shape of cluster of water molecule, which depends upon water’s surroundings such as light, sound, magnet, heat, etc. This study clarifies the behaviors on fluctuating ...