Cities in developing countries are experiencing unparalleled growth and rapidly increasing water supply and sanitation coverage that will continue to release growing volumes of wastewater. In many developing countries, untreated or partially treated wastewater is used to irrigate the cities’ own food, fodder, and green spaces. Farmers have been using untreated wastewater for centuries, but grea...

Discharge permits for treated wastewater from publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) often include effluent limitations for nutrients. Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for nutrients are being developed for many waterbodies throughout the United States. TMDLs and other water quality-drivers have resulted in POTWs having to comply with more stringent effluent limitations for parameters such as t...

astewaters from all processes w are collected by gravity flow into acid-alkali (rinses), chromate, cyanide, spenttstripping acids, and cleaner sumps. The acid concentrates and cleaner concentrates are gradually fed into chromate and acid-alkali (rinse) sumps, respectively. Cyanide destruction is achieved by oxidation with sodium hypochlorite whereas hexavalent chrome is reduced to trivalent chr...

The technologies most commonly used for performing secondary treatment of municipal wastewater rely on microorganisms suspended in the wastewater to treat it. Although these technologies work well in many situations, they have several drawbacks, including the difficulty of growing the right types of microorganisms and the physical requirement of a large site. The use of microfiltration membrane...

Capillary dependent systems are highly influenced by surface fouling and may degrade as material surface properties change. In anticipation of a spacecraft microgravity fluids management system exposed to highly variable wetting conditions, the impact of urine wastewater fouling on capillary contact angle was examined. The results indicate that, in general, surface fouling can decrease the cont...

The benefits of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) are widely known but its recommendations remain thinly implemented. Designing wastewater treatment plants for reuse in irrigation is a particularly underutilized IWRM opportunity that could potentially increase agricultural yields, conserve surface water, offset chemical fertilizer demand, and reduce the costs of wastewater treatment ...

Wastewater management is a complex task involving a wide range of technical enviromental and social factors. Furthermore, it typically requires the coordination of a heterogeneous society of actors with different goals. Regulations and protocols can be effectively used to tackle this complexity. In this chapter we present a norm-aware multi-agent system for social simulations in a river basin. ...

Treated wastewater may be considered as a ‘new’ water resource, which can be added to the general water balance of a region. This ‘new’ source can substitute conventional water used for irrigation. Israel is presently reusing more than 65% of the total domestic sewage production of the country, and it is planned to reach more than 90% reuse during the next decade. This paper addresses the intro...

In this paper we present an environmental decisionsupport system (named DAI-DEPUR+) and a reactive linear planner (named WaRP), and their application to the wastewater domain. The environmental decision-support system: receives and processes onand off-line information about a wastewater treatment process. uses this information for selecting and revising models of the treatment-system dynamics. ...

World Water Day is sponsored by the United Nations and observed each year on March 22. This year, World Water Day focuses on wastewater, which includes sewage, storm water, and discarded water used in the community (1). Many developing countries have inadequate wastewater management strategies because they lack resources, infrastructure, available technology, or space. Untreated wastewater in t...