BACKGROUND In this study, we attempted to verify the hypothesis that further improvements in volitional movement of patients with a spinal cord injury would diminish and ultimately suppress the segmental responses, while enhancing the supraspinal inhibitory influence. METHODS Eleven patients with an incomplete spinal cord injury and partial preservation of motor function (ASIS grades C and D)...

It has been suggested that the primary motor cortex plays a substantial role in the neural circuitry that controls swallowing. Although its role in the voluntary oral phase of swallowing is undisputed, its precise role in motor control of the more reflexive, pharyngeal phase of swallowing is unclear. The contribution of the primary motor cortex to the pharyngeal phase of swallowing was examined...

AIMS This study tested the impact of combining a motivational intervention based on protection motivation theory (PMT, Rogers, 1983 [18]) plus a volitional intervention based on action planning and coping planning, as a way to promote the prevention of type 2 diabetes among UK undergraduates. METHODS Eighty-four participants were randomly assigned to either a control group or one of three exp...

Work craving theory addresses how work-addicted individuals direct great emotion-regulatory efforts to weave their addictive web of working. They crave work for two main emotional incentives: to overcompensate low self-worth and to escape (i.e., reduce) negative affect, which is strategically achieved through neurotic perfectionism and compulsive working. Work-addicted individuals' strong persi...

We know that historically, every nation connects its ideas for a happy future, first of all, with the younger generation. Proper upbringing young generation is one most important and urgent issues any country. Also, in all countries world, people are main driving forces socio-economic development, force behind reforms society at same time successor older Being dynamic group society, take an act...