The oldest recognized proxies for low atmospheric oxygen are massive iron-rich deposits. Following the rise of ∼2.4 billion years ago (Ga), iron formations (IFs) largely disappear from geologic record, only to reappear in a pulse ∼1.88 Ga, which has been attributed sea-level transgressions, changing ocean chemistry triggered by intense volcanism, or lowered levels. North American Gogebic Range ...