A wind-tunnel investigation was carried out to characterize the spatial distribution of the integral time scale (Tu) within, and in the vicinity of, two model wind farms. The turbine arrays were placed over a rough wall and operated under high turbulence. The two layouts consisted of aligned units distinguished only by the streamwise spacing (∆xT ) between the devices, set at five and ten rotor...

One of the promising trends in modern agronomy is development automated closed urban vertical farms with controlled environmental conditions, which can improve dynamics crop vegetation process. In frame this work, analysis vegetative stages potato seed material (minitubers and microplants) grown conditions farm was conducted. The study performed at Federal Research Center “Fundamentals Biotechn...

Coffee agroecosystems are critical to the success of conservation efforts in Latin America because of their ecological and economic importance. Coffee certification programs may offer one way to protect biodiversity and maintain farmer livelihoods. Established coffee certification programs fall into three distinct, but not mutually exclusive categories: organic, fair trade, and shade. The resul...

The salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis is a major parasite of salmon, and is able to travel between farms during its pelagic phases. We investigated the spatial dispersion of L. salmonis planktonic stages in the Hardangerfjord, Norway, using an individual-based model and a fjord circulation model. The models allowed us to investigate how assumptions about swimming responses to environmental c...

Food and agricultural commodity value chains in developing and transition countries have undergone tremendous changes in the past decades. Companies and property rights have been privatized, markets liberalized, and economies integrated into global food systems. The liberalization and privatization initially caused the collapse of statecontrolled vertical integration. More recently, private ver...

Abstract. Wind turbines in a wind farm extract energy from the atmospheric flow and convert it into electricity, resulting localized momentum deficit wake that reduces availability for downwind turbines. Atmospheric convergence above, below, sides wakes replenishes lost momentum, at least partially, so deep inside can continue to function. In this study, we explore recovery processes hypothetic...