Introduction: the Restoration of endodontically treated teeth is critical, and the Awareness of stresses developed by oblique and vertical forces in restorative methods take a great role in treatment plans. Due to the anatomical shape and inherent form of the stress distribution premolars, could be lost by fractures. Some fractures such as vertical fracture which is probable in...

The note explores a vertical differentiation model with a continuous nonuniform consumers’ distribution. First a result concerning the finiteness property obtained with uniform consumers’ distribution is generalized. Second we prove an existence result of price equilibrium when the distribution is concave. Finally we exhibit a counter-example to the existence of price equilibrium to show that t...

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has been widely used to estimate forest biomass. In this study, we aim to further explore this capability by correlating horizontal and vertical distribution of LiDAR data with components of biomass in a Picea crassifolia forest. Airborne small footprint full-waveform data were decomposed to acquire higher density point clouds. We calculated LiDAR metrics at ...

What does reflection from cloud sides tell us about vertical distribution of cloud droplet sizes? A. Marshak, J. V. Martins, V. Zubko, and Y. J. Kaufman NASA – Goddard Space Flight Center, Climate and Radiation Branch, Greenbelt, MD, USA Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA Nortel Government Solutions, Inc., Lanham, MD, USA Recei...

Spatial heterogeneity within individual host trees is often overlooked in surveys of phytophagous arthropod abundance and distribution. The armored scale Aulacaspis yasumatsui is controlled by the predator Rhyzobius lophanthae to a greater degree on leaves at 75-cm height than on leaves at ground level within its host tree Cycas micronesica. The direct influence of elevation on the predator ind...

This paper examines the information-sharing behavior of firms in a distribution channel context. While information sharing among firms can occur in a horizontal (among competitors) or vertical (channel members) context, previous attempts at modeling information sharing has primarily been restricted to the horizontal context. For marketers, channel alliances are interesting in view of their grow...

Vertical distribution of aerosols in Mexico City during MILAGRO-2006 campaign P. A. Lewandowski, W. E. Eichinger, H. Holder, and J. Prueger IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA Duke University, Rayleigh, NC, USA National Soil Tilth Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA Received: 8 February 2009 – Accepted: 18 February 2009 – Published: 11 March 2009 Correspondence...

Nearly 400 Tycho-2 stars have been observed in a 720 square degree field in the direction of the North Galactic Pole with the high resolution echelle spectrograph ELODIE. Absolute magnitudes, effective temperatures, gravities and metallicities have been estimated, as well as distances and 3D velocities. Most of these stars are clump giants and span typical distances from 200 pc to 800 pc to the...

Analyses of satellite, ground-based, and balloon measurements allow updated estimates of trends in the vertical profile of ozone since 1979. The results show overall consistency among several independent measurement systems, particularly for northern hemisphere midlatitudes where most balloon and ground-based measurements are made. Combined trend estimates over these latitudes for the period 19...

Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) has been employed to determine pseudo-turbulence characteristics of the flow field around bubble train forming in non-Newtonian caboxymethylcellulose (CMC) aqueous solution at low gas flow rate condition. The Reynolds stress and turbulent intensity of the liquid were investigated by means of Reynolds time-averaged method. The experimental results show that ax...