Many species navigate in three dimensions and are required to maintain accurate orientation while moving in an Earth vertical plane. Here we explored how head direction (HD) cells in the rat anterodorsal thalamus responded when rats locomoted along a 360° spiral track that was positioned vertically within the room at the N, S, E, or W location. Animals were introduced into the vertical plane ei...

We start the survey by reviewing the implications of horizontal and vertical product differentiation on market structure under the assumption of single-product firms. Then, we analyse the main results of the multi-product firm models, both when variants are assumed differentiated in vertical attributes only and when variants are assumed differentiated in two dimensions (vertical and horizontal)...

The aim of this study was to develop a relatively rapid, simple and repeatable method to characterize the crown architecture of Queensland maple (Flindersia brayleyana F. Muell.) by vertical hemispherical photography. Calibration scales were developed to provide horizontal planes of measurement at heights from 15 to 40 m above the camera. Hemispherical images of tree crowns were merged with the...

Spatial-numerical associations (small numbers-left/lower space and large numbers-right/upper space) are regularly found in elementary number processing. Recently, the interest in this phenomenon has been extended from elementary number processing to mental arithmetic. Many studies have demonstrated horizontal spatial-arithmetic associations, i.e., solving addition or subtraction problems cause ...

We show that, for any collection H of n hyperplanes in < 4 , the combinato-rial complexity of the vertical decomposition of the arrangement A(H) of H is O(n 4 log n). The proof relies on properties of superimposed convex subdivisions of 3-space, and we also derive some other results concerning them.

This study evaluated the setup uncertainties for brain sites when using BrainLAB's ExacTrac X-ray 6D system for daily pretreatment to determine the optimal planning target volume (PTV) margin. Between August 2012 and April 2015, 28 patients with brain tumors were treated by daily image-guided radiotherapy using the BrainLAB ExacTrac 6D image guidance system of the Novalis-Tx linear accelerator....

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in alveolar and skeletal dimensions among subjects with different vertical facial dimensions using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). To date, this is the first study that investigates the relationship between facial type and posterior alveolar thickness in both maxilla and mandible, using CBCT data. MATERIALS AND METHODS F...