BACKGROUND Impaired driving is a recognized cause of major injury. Contemporary data are lacking on exposures to impaired driving behaviours and related injury among young adolescents, as well as inequities in these youth risk behaviours. METHODS AND FINDINGS Cycle 6 (2009/10) of the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children survey involved 26,078 students enrolled in 436 Canadian schools. We ...

In this paper, we study the location routing problem with replenishment facilities (LRPRF), an extension of the location routing problem (LRP) where the vehicles can replenish at some replenishment facilities. Vehicles leave the depot with load on-board, serve customers until out of load, and then either return to a replenishment facility to reload or return to the depot, completing their route...

in this paper, we study the multi-depot vehiclerouting problem with inter-depot routes, in which the vehicles can replenish atintermediate depots. vehicles leave the origin depot with load on-board andserve customers until out of load. they may visit an intermediate depot toreplenish and finally return to the origin depot, completing their route. weinitiate a mathematical mixed integer programm...

Abstract: This study is carried out to describe the behaviour of vehicles flow on the road, in the presence of blocking effects. A non-linear three dimensional system of ordinary differential equations is used to describe vehicles flow on the road. The study classify total vehicles population on the road into three compartments as Free – Slow – Released vehicles. The formulated model is well-po...

Young children are required to use child safety seats, and the age threshold at which children can legally graduate to seat belts has steadily increased. This paper tests the relative effectiveness of child safety seats, lap-and-shoulder seat belts, and lap belts in preventing injuries among motor vehicle passengers aged 2-6. We analyze three large, representative samples of crashes reported to...

OBJECTIVES To re-analyse bicycle overtaking data collected by Walker (2007) with a view to assess factors associated with close passing (<1 m), to adjust for other observed factors in a multivariable analysis, and to assess the extent to which the sample size in the original analysis may have contributed to spurious results. METHOD A re-analysis of 2,355 motor vehicle passing events recorded ...

The overall age-adjusted rate of motor vehicle traffic deaths in the United States decreased 25% from 14.6 deaths per 100,000 population in 2005 to 10.9 in 2015. During this period, the rate declined in each of the county groupings, with the largest decline of 26% in the large fringe metropolitan and micropolitan counties and the smallest decline of 20% in rural counties. For both years, the ra...

vehicles have an important role in passenger transportation in iran. this paper runs an economic appraisal on intercity buses, minibuses and public four-seated conveyances of mazandaran province in view point of private and public sectors. the benefit-cost ratio, costs adjusted efficiency, necessary capital for job creation for a labor force and labor force adjusted productivity, which are used...

BACKGROUND Public health surveillance is often concerned with the analysis of health outcomes over small areas. Funnel plots have been proposed as a useful tool for assessing and visualizing surveillance data, but their full utility has not been appreciated (for example, in the incorporation and interpretation of risk factors). METHODS We investigate a way to simultaneously focus funnel plot ...