Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungi that is able to thrive in many host niches, including the skin, mucosal, surfaces, the blood stream and internal organs. Agglutinin-like sequence (ALS) genes which could play a role in forming biofilms, adherence to host surfaces as a virulence factor and antifungal drug resistant. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the presence ALS1 and ...

OBJECTIVE Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) is characterized by vaginal changes, dyspareunia, and itching/irritation. Efficacy and safety of a lower-dose estradiol vaginal cream (0.003%) were evaluated in postmenopausal women with VVA-related dyspareunia. METHODS This was a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Sexually active postmenopausal women with moderate-severe dyspareu...

Leucorrhoea, the unusual vaginal discharge is a common problem now-a-days in gynaecological practice. It may be physiological but when turn into pathological condition, produce associated problems like itching vulva, backache and so as to anxiety to a female suffering from the entity. It is quoted as a symptom in multiple gynaecological problems. Management of leucorrhoea depends upon the causa...

Perturbations in the prenatal and early life environment can contribute to the development of offspring stress dysregulation, a pervasive symptom in neuropsychiatric disease. Interestingly, the vertical transmission of maternal microbes to offspring and the subsequent bacterial colonization of the neonatal gut overlap with a critical period of brain development. Therefore, environmental factors...

Infant vaginal bleeding is an alarming symptom in an infant. Although several causes can be listed, the possibility of malignancy still needs to be ruled out in view of the guarded prognosis of these uncommon infantile tumors. This case report aims to raise the awareness towards the workup and management of infantile malignancies in a baby girl.

Successful use of vaginal support pessaries requires provider and patient understanding of expected symptom-relief, potential complications, self-care options, and evaluation and treatment of pessary-related problems. This second article in a three-part series summarizes clinical recommendations and evidence related to pessary management.

objective: this study was conducted in order to assess the prevalence of different cervicovaginal infections during pregnancy. materials and methods: totally 110 healthy pregnant women with complaints of vaginal symptoms in their third trimester of pregnancy were checked for vaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, vaginal trichomoniasis, streptococcus β hemoliticus, gonorrhea, syphilis, and i...

AIMS To describe longitudinal changes in symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB) and stress urinary incontinence (SUI) among parous women. METHODS At annual examinations, beginning at least 5 years from first delivery, OAB and SUI were assessed using the Epidemiology of Prolapse and Incontinence Questionnaire. Published thresholds were used to define "bothersome" symptom scores. The prevalence, ...

OBJECTIVE To explore the efficacy of local oxytocin for the treatment of post-menopausal vaginal atrophy. DESIGN Double-blinded randomised controlled trial. SETTING Healthy post-menopausal women in Stockholm, Sweden. PARTICIPANTS Sixty four post-menopausal women between February and June 2012 at the Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge/Sweden. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The efficacy of ox...