HIV virus-like particles (VLPs) present the HIV envelope protein in its native conformation, providing an ideal vaccine antigen. To enhance the immunogenicity of the VLP vaccine, we sought to improve upon two components; the route of administration and the additional adjuvant. Using HIV VLPs, we evaluated sub-cheek as a novel route of vaccine administration when combined with other conventional...

Mice were vaccinated with an attenuated encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus strain by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route and by various ways of respiratory administration: aerosol exposure and intratracheal (i.t.) and intranasal (i.n.) instillation. A linear relationship was found between vaccine dose and the resulting serum antibody titer. The effectiveness of the vaccine was determined by measurin...

Formalin-inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine was administered subcutaneously or intranasally to hamsters to examine the effect of route of administration on immunogenicity and protective effect. Parenterally administered vaccine in the doses employed induced serum complement-fixing antibody formation, but did not significantly decrease the frequency of pneumonia following challenge with v...

CPT 2011 brings significant changes to the pediatric vaccine administration codes, in part to better handle the reporting of combination vaccines. The value of combination vaccines, which can reduce the number of shots required and thus increase vaccination rates, is well known. However, because of the time and effort necessary to counsel parents and caregivers about each vaccine component, pra...

Numerous international institutions recommend vaccination against hepatitis B for all non-immune patients that consult for a sexually transmitted disease. It is a simple and safe procedure, frequently forgotten in dermatological clinics. Hepatitis B vaccine is administered via intramuscular route in the deltoid in 3 doses (at months 0, 1 and 6). The vaccine against hepatitis A is indicated for ...

The colonization of poultry with different Salmonella enterica serovars poses an issue throughout the world. In this study we therefore tested the efficacy of a vaccine consisting of attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Typhimurium and Infantis against challenge with the same serovars and with S. Agona, Dublin and Hadar. We tested oral and aerosol administration of th...

DNA, the essential part of the life is making way in to new vaccine technology. Plasmid vectors from the bacteria have revolutionized the world of vaccine design by its new technology – DNA vaccines. Small portion of the nucleotides from the pathogen held under the control of promoter in a plasmid vector can be used as a vaccine. DNA vaccines alleviate the odds of the other vaccines by having g...

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is a major mode of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission, especially in high endemic areas. Administration of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccine to infants at birth, followed by completion of the vaccine series, prevented approximately 95% of HBV transmission from HBsAg-positive mothers to their infants. However, immunoprophylaxis failur...