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In the treatment of superficial lesions with 8-13 MeV electrons, lead shields are often used to protect the underlying tissue. Measurements were made with film and ion chamber to analyse various aspects of external and internal shielding in electron beam therapy. Data were obtained on the thickness of lead required for shielding, the effect of blocking on dose-rate, electron-backscattering from...

Background Despite improvements in many health indicators, providing access to affordable healthcare remains a considerable challenge Bangladesh. Financing incidence analysis will enable an evaluation of how well the system performs achieve equity financing. The objective this study is assess burden out-of-pocket (OOP) cost on different socio-economic groups by assessing financing because OOP ...

purpose rupture of pectoralis major (pm) occurs most commonly as a result of an indirect mechanism associated with extensive tension on a maximally contracted muscle. patients with pm tendon ruptures, classically present a history of sudden severe pain in arm and shoulder at the time of injury. treatment options vary from conservative to operative. in cases with total or near-total injuries, su...

Background International and domestic funding for malaria is critically important to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Its equitable distribution is key in ensuring that the available, scarce, resources are deployed efficiently for improved progress and a sustained response that enables eradication. Methods We used concentration curves and concentration indices to assess inequalities...

Background: Out-of-pocket payments for medical services may undermine access to and equity in healthcare financing. Objectives: The present study aimed determine the distribution of burden out-of-pocket among households Qazvin province, Iran. Methods: This descriptive-analytical was conducted on urban rural Iran during 2019 - 2020. Data were obtained from Statistics Center (2019 2020). optimal ...

Most food insecurity research within the United States has focused on the headcount ratio of food insecurity, whic is, the percentage of households that are considered food insecure. Although this measure is important, using this measure alone, ignores the variation within the food hardship being experienced by U.S. households. In 2008, Dr. Craig Gundersen translated the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke ...

Abstract In their seminal paper, Kakwani and Lambert (Eur J Polit Econ 14:369–380, 1998) state three Axioms an equitable tax system should respect. By proposing a measurement based on re-ranking indexes of taxes, rates post-tax incomes, they show how to evaluate the negative influences that Axiom violations exert redistributive effect tax. considering each element real-world personal income tax...