In the Pacific Northwest of the United States, adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) returning from the ocean to spawn in urban basins of the Puget Sound region have been prematurely dying at high rates (up to 90% of the total runs) for more than a decade. The current weight of evidence indicates that coho deaths are caused by toxic chemical contaminants in land-based runoff to urban streams...

In recent years we have seen Wi-Fi move from a “hotspot” model to fuller coverage patterns where connectivity is available everywhere, such as across university and enterprise campuses (recall, for example, the Eduroam service). As people have come to expect more from Wi-Fi of late, there has been concurrent interest in blanketing underground transit systems with wireless coverage, from Transpo...

BACKGROUND Traffic noise is a highly relevant environmental impact in cities. Models to estimate traffic noise, in turn, can be useful tools to guide mitigation measures. In this paper, the applicability of models to estimate noise levels produced by a continuous flow of vehicles on urban roads is investigated. The aim is to identify which models are more appropriate to estimate traffic noise i...

Background: Adequate dietary calcium intake favours bone mineral accrual. Sparse published data are available on dietary calcium intake of metropolitan city population from south India. Methods: We recorded the dietary intake of calcium and phytates of 524 healthy subjects from Bengaluru, a metropolitan city, by recalling the diet consumed in the previous 5 to 7 days and compared it with dietar...

We sought to synthesize evidence of the health effects of construction of new roads by systematically reviewing observational studies of such effects. We included and critically appraised 32 studies. The review suggested that out-of-town bypasses decrease injuries on main roads through or around towns, although more robust evidence is needed on effects on secondary roads. New major urban roads ...

................................................................................................................... IV Summary ................................................................................................................... V 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 2 Methodology ....................

Along with urbanization and decentralization, the sustainability of metropolitan areas is considered one of the most significant challenges worldwide. Transportation-related problems, such as congestion, GHG emissions, and excessive energy consumption, have been imposing tremendous pressure on the sustainability of metropolitan areas. As a noticeable component of urban form, local residential d...

Responses of benthic macroinvertebrates along gradients of urban intensity were investigated in nine metropolitan areas across the United States. Invertebrate assemblages in metropolitan areas where forests or shrublands were being converted to urban land were strongly related to urban intensity. In metropolitan areas where agriculture and grazing lands were being converted to urban land, inver...

OBJECTIVE We examined the distribution of heat risk-related land cover (HRRLC) characteristics across racial/ethnic groups and degrees of residential segregation. METHODS Block group-level tree canopy and impervious surface estimates were derived from the 2001 National Land Cover Dataset for densely populated urban areas of the United States and Puerto Rico, and linked to demographic characte...