The latest results from the WMAP satellite [1] confirm the success of the ΛCDM model, where ∼ 75 % of the mass-energy density is in the form of dark energy, with matter, most of it in the form of cold dark matter (CDM) making up the remaining 25 % . Neutrinos with masses on the eV scale or below will be a hot component of the dark matter and will free-stream out of overdensities and thus wipe o...

Widespread and increasing use of road deicing salt is a major driver lake chloride concentrations, which can negatively impact aquatic organisms ecosystems. We used simple model to explore the controls on concentrations predict equilibrium in lakes across contiguous United States. The suggests that concentration depends three quantities: application rate, density, runoff (precipitation minus ev...