W artykule przedstawiona została problematyka miarkowania kary umownej według prawa polskiego na tle ponadnarodowych uregulowań prawnych. Celem artykułu jest ustalenie, czy obecne unormowanie w prawie polskim (art. 484 § 2 Kodeksu Cywilnego) dostoswane do standardów, które można wywieść z regulacji prawnych, tj. Rezolucji (78) 3 Rady Europy o karach umownych cywilnym, Zasad Międzynarodowych Kon...

This article provides an overview of the history international commercial law in Africa with reference to instruments three sister organisations private (in a wide sense): UNCITRAL (the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law), UNIDROIT Institute for Unification Private Law) and HCCH Hague Conference Law). The adoption UNIDROIT's Cape Town Convention Interests Mobile Equipment 2001...

International trade, as of result globalization and the consequent exponential growth in operations volume, has brought a movement reflection on disciplinary rules international trade relations. In this context considering significant divergences between legal regimes different States, instruments standardization harmonization contracts’ assume special importance. Notwithstanding existence norm...

ABSTRACTThe current international business transaction activity is not difficult, with the advancement of technology, world provides ample opportunities and for community to make connections between them.. International transactions are private law studies, where in wider each party make, agree execute clauses they make. However, it can be said that order carry out such activities, parties must...