This article is the first part of a review of investigations carried out until about 1990 into the role of mechanical ventilation in reducing wound sepsis in hospitals. It deals with the design of mechanical ventilation systems to reduce airborne microbe-carrying particles (MCPs), and mainly discusses unidirectional airflow (UDAF) systems. The second part will deal with the effect of mechanical...

This paper describes an ontology model (conceptual model) based on the ITU-T Recommendation G.805 for transport network architectures. The goal is to take a step forward to the autonomic applications for transport network operation and management. Besides the conceptual model description and explanation, including its main elements (classes, properties and constraints), this paper also includes...

In this study, a novel numerical method is proposed for determination of mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness, GIc, in multi-directional (MD) double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens using fracture properties of unidirectional DCB specimens. Two factors, β and Dc are defined to minimize the undesirable effects on strain energy release rate. β describes the difference between maximum and average...

this paper investigates the relationship between total energy consumption and gdp in six countries of the middle east , including iran,pakistan,saudi arabia,oman,bahrain and the united arab emirates. the data are annual and spanning the period 1980-2012.we employed hsiao’s (1981) methodology to examine causality relation between total energy consumption and gdp.the empirical findings show a uni...

Depending on whether bidirectional links or unidirectional links are used for communications, the network topology under a given range assignment is either an undirected graph referred to as the bidirectional topology, or a directed graph referred to as the unidirectional topology. The Min-Power Bidirectional (resp., Unidirectional) k-Node Connectivity problem seeks a range assignment of minimu...

In ad hoc networks, a communication link between two mobile nodes is not always bidirectional, i.e. unidirectional, since the different characters of networks and nodes. This paper studies unidirectional links which are general and universal in ad hoc networks and proposes a routing protocol LSARP (link-state advertisement based source routing protocol). LSARP can support unidirectional links t...

Experiments with wireless sensor networks have shown that unidirectional communication links are quite common. What is even more, they have also shown that the range of a unidirectional link can exceed that of a bidirectional one by far. Still, most of todays routing protocols do not use them, they only eliminate their implications. Those protocols that do use unidirectional links introduce a l...

We show theoretically that photonic crystals consisting of colloidal spheres exhibit unidirectional wave propagation and one-way frequency band gaps without breaking time-reversal symmetry via, e.g., the application of an external magnetic field or the use of nonlinear materials. Namely, photonic crystals with low symmetry such as the monoclinic crystal type considered here as well as with unit...

Parity-time (PT) symmetric structures present the unidirectional invisibility at the spontaneous PT-symmetry breaking point. In this paper, we propose a PT-symmetric circuit consisting of a resistor and a microwave tunnel diode (TD) which represent the attenuation and amplification, respectively. Based on the scattering matrix method, the circuit can exhibit an ideal unidirectional performance ...

Online-Recognition requires the acoustic model to provide posterior probabilities after a limited time delay given the online input audio data. This necessitates unidirectional modeling and the standard solution is to use unidirectional long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks (RNN) or feedforward neural networks (FFNN). It is known that bidirectional LSTMs are more powerful and ...