Different types of forest land are not the same, as places circulation eggs and larvae helminths Strongylata suborder. Plant formations with a low risk infection young pine forests, middle-aged old mixed spruce forests. Potentially dangerous in terms bushes river floodplains meadows. high forests undergrowth. The most for swampy swamps. degree contamination accumulation invasive suborder differ...

Savannas lie between the equatorial rain forests and the semi-deserts of the southern continents. From the herbivore’s viewpoint, the savanna environment is characterized by a mixture of herbaceous and woody vegetation, varying in quantity and growth stage according to the seasonal cycle of rainfall. C4 grasses (i.e. those with the C4 photosynthetic pathway) dominate the herbaceous layer, which...

Top carnivores play an important role in maintaining energy flow and functioning of the ecosystem, and a clear understanding of their diets and foraging strategies is essential for developing effective conservation strategies. In this paper, we compared diets and prey selection of snow leopards and wolves based on analyses of genotyped scats (snow leopards n = 182, wolves n = 57), collected wit...

Plant-animal interactions imply costs and benefits with net balance depending on interacting species and ecological context. Ungulates, in particular, confer costs (e.g., plant leaf consumption, flower bud predation) and benefits (e.g., plant overcompensation, seed dispersal) to plants. Magnitude of costs and benefits may be altered by habitat management or ecological conditions favoring high d...

The handbook on Terrestrial Cetartiodactyla is an up-to-date overview of the European ungulates. Includes detailed accounts every species.

The browsing of wild ungulates can have profound effects on the structure and composition forests. In Swiss National Park, density ungulates, including red deer (Cervus elaphus), ibex (Capra ibex), chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), is exceptionally high due to strict protection absence large predators. We examined count data larch (Larix decidua), cembra pine (Pinus cembra), spruce (Picea abies), ...