one example of unfair competition is competition through discrediting a competitor. french doctrine and precedent has been accepted and it has explained this legal entity. but the richness of the iranian legal literature on this subject is not enough. therefore, in this paper a review of unfair competition, while explaining the concept and its variants, and based on the analysis of the resultin...

The controversial provisions in the European Union’s Database Directive have created considerable uncertainty for commercial producers of databases, while recent case law has emasculated much of the Directive. However, researchers and academics must still work in a restrictive copyright environment within Europe. This paper reviews the Directive in the light of two recent UK reports that sugges...

Government firms and authorities often sell services in the free market via affiliated consulting firms (CFs). In this study, I analyse whether these agents have an unfair competitive edge compared to private CFs. The theoretical analysis shows that private and state-owned CFs operate under different conditions. A private CF must choose between having permanent employees and pay full-time wages...