نتایج جستجو برای: underground economy affects important indexes such as formal gdp
تعداد نتایج: 6512257 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
The ICT is one of the main determinant factors of e-commerce industry such as tourism industry in developing countries like Iran. For this purpose, the main objective of this paper is to investigate the long-run relationship between ICT indices such as internet users, government expenditures on ICT to the GDP and mobile cellular in Iranian economy during the 1976-2014. The empirical model has b...
Hidden nature of underground economy makes it difficult to measure and carry out a direct study on it . Thus, most of the common measurement methods are the ones that indirectly estimate the extent of these activities and suffer from restrictive assumptions. In the past two decades, economists began to pay attention to measurement of underground economy volume and its causes and effects more t...
Granger causality methodology is used to investigate lead± lag relationships between construction activity and aggregate economy. Using data from Hong Kong, the results of this paper suggest strongly that the GDP tends to lead the construction ̄ ow not vice versa. Our ® nding is contrary to the view that construction is more volatile than the GDP. However, our results show that the construction ...
a phase-locked loop (pll) based frequency synthesizer is an important circuit that is used in many applications, especially in communication systems such as ethernet receivers, disk drive read/write channels, digital mobile receivers, high-speed memory interfaces, system clock recovery and wireless communication system. other than requiring good signal purity such as low phase noise and low spu...
Annaul production of more than 5000 tons of opiates in Afghanistan and the necessity of its traffic into other countries, affects on Iran’s economy as one of the Afghanistan’s neighboring countries. It is more imprtant when drug traffickers joined to new organized crime groups and run different kinds of criminal acts. On this basis, in this article the effects of illicit drug trade and other c...
The availability of data for the size of the “Underground Economy” is important for macroeconomic policy. We use fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic to construct an annual time-series for the (unobservable) New Zealand underground economy over the period 1968 to 1994. Two input variables are used – the effective tax rate and an index of the degree of regulation. The resulting underground economy t...
Due to the government’s roles and responsibilities in economy for financing public services through taxes as sustainable revenue, this study investigates not only the effective factors on tax revenues and its theoretical bases but also selects the related important effective variables in Iran’s economy during the period (1971-2017) by using dynamic models TVP - DMA. The classic models focus on ...
Tourism has grown considerably in Cook Islands over the last 25 years, and is now the dominant sector in the economy. Visitor numbers have risen from less than 10,000 in 1976 to nearly 73,000 in 2002. While tourism is crucial to leading the future economic growth of Cook Islands, it is a complicated industry that indirectly affects many other sectors of the economy. It is important that clear s...
Abstract A transformation network describes how one set of resources can be transformed into another via technological processes. Transformation networks in economics are useful because they can highlight areas for future innovations, both in terms of new products, new production techniques, or better efficiency. They also make it easy to detect areas where an economy might be fragile. In this ...
نمودار تعداد نتایج جستجو در هر سال
با کلیک روی نمودار نتایج را به سال انتشار فیلتر کنید