People underestimate the numerosity of collections in which a few dots are connected in pairs by task-irrelevant lines. Such configural processing suggests that visual numerosity depends on the perceived scene segments, rather than on the perceived total area occupied by a collection. However, a methodology that uses irrelevant line connections may also introduce unnecessary distraction and var...

In a recent commentary, Amann and Rosselló-Móra summarized how the census of Bacteria and Archaea has changed over time (1). For decades, the number of recognized microbial taxa was underestimated owing to limitations associated with culturebased methods and the rules of nomenclature. The authors describe a “quantum leap” in the estimates of global microbial diversity following advances in high...

Previous work has demonstrated that monoc-ular vision affects the kinematics of skilled visually guided reaching movements in humans. In these experiments , prior to movement onset, subjects appeared to be underestimating the distance of objects (and as a consequence , their size) under monocular viewing relative to their reaches made under binocular control. The present series of experiments w...

PURPOSE To determine the rate of underestimation of an image-guided core biopsy of nonpalpable breast lesions, with validation by histologic examination after surgical excision. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 352 biopsies from patients who were submitted to surgery from February 2000 to December 2005, and whose histopathologic findings were recorded in the database system. Results were c...

Recently, Meder, Mayrhofer, and Waldmann [1,2] have proposed a model of causal diagnostic reasoning that predicts an interference of the predictive probability, Pr(Effect |Cause), in estimating the diagnostic probability, Pr(Cause |Effect), specifically, that the interference leads to an underestimation bias of the diagnostic probability. The objective of the experiment reported in the present ...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the difference between self-reported hearing status and hearing impairment assessed using conventional audiometry. The associated factors were examined when a concordance between self-reported hearing and audiometric measures was lacking. METHODS In total, 19,642 individuals ≥20 years of age who participated in the Korea National Health and N...

AbstructWe consider the problem of estimating the order of a stationary ergodic Markov chain. Our focus is on estimators which satisfy a generalized Neyman-Pearson criterion of optimality. Specifically, the optimal estimator minimizes the probability of underestimation among all estimators with probability of overestimation not exceeding a given value. Our main result identifies the best expone...