At the last decades of long 19th century, a prominent Russian Muslim journalist and educator, Ismail Gasprinskii (1851–1914), promoted cultural-political project for Muslims, which after Revolution 1905 gradually shifted to idea national-cultural autonomy within empire, some Gasprinskii’s ideas were reinterpreted he personally became known as pan-Turkist, especially in USSR Turkey. This case st...

Klyrgyzstan is a rugged country, with the Tien Shan lmountain range covering approximately 95% of the whole territory. The average altitude in Kyrgyzstan is 2,750m above sea level. The highest point is Peak Pobeda at 7,439m and the lowest is 350m above sea level in the south-west of the republic. Kyrgyzstan is the second smallest of the Central Asian republics in both area and population and is...

The most striking characteristic of all five Central Asian Republics is their relatively new appearance on the international scene as independent actors. None of them had an experience as an independent/sovereign state, they had no state structures and mechanisms as such and more over their peoples had no sense of statehood. It is not easy to achieve all these in two generations, whereas other ...

BACKGROUND In the wake of collapse of the Soviet Union, Central Asia has transformed into a key hub along the Afghan opiates trafficking routes. Around 30 percent of the heroin manufactured in Afghanistan is estimated to be smuggled through Central Asian republics in its way to booming drug markets in Russia and Eastern Europe. METHODS Building upon available evidence and extensive fieldwork ...