tunnelling through cities underlain by soft soil, commonly associated with soil movement around the tunnels and subsequent surface settlement. the predication of ground movement during the tunnelling and optimum support pressure could be based on analytical, empirical or the numerical methods. the commonly used earth pressure balance (epb) tunneling machines, uses the excavated soil in a pressu...

Most empirical and numerical approaches to design in rock mechanics incorporate rock mass classification. Numerical design methods generally use classification values to calculate input parameters for stress-based failure criteria. Empirical methods use classification to allow comparisons between similar rock mass conditions, generally based on a graphical design technique that differentiates s...

When the tunnel passes through slope area, once stability changes or landslide disasters occur, large additional stress, deformation, cracking are easily caused in tunnel, which results high risk to operation. The deformation and failure mode of induced by different types tunnel-related landslides different. However, there is no systematic classification structure systems. By investigating typi...

Scientific understanding of complex ecological systems is inherently difficult, and numerous theoretical and management models have emerged. Each model has its own purpose, philosophy, and implementation. Often, tunnel-vision and wheel re-invention are hindering scientific exchange [3] and in response, ecological modelers have started to develop platforms and interfaces to support scientific an...

One of the conventional methods for temporary support of tunnels is to use steel sets with shotcrete. The nature of a temporary support system demands a quick installation of its structures. As a result, the spacing between steel sets is not a fixed amount and it can be considered as a random variable. Hence, in the reliability analysis of these types of structures, the selection of an appropri...

The dataset includes the acquired time series of a chemical detection platform exposed to different gas conditions in a turbulent wind tunnel. The chemo-sensory elements were sampling directly the environment. In contrast to traditional approaches that include measurement chambers, open sampling systems are sensitive to dispersion mechanisms of gaseous chemical analytes, namely diffusion, turbu...

this paper addresses the problem of quantifying the mechanical contribution of rockbolts installed systematically around tunnels (regularly spaced around the tunnel) excavated in rock masses. assuming that the mechanical contribution of grouted rockbolts is that of increasing internal pressure within a broken rock mass, a new procedure for computation of ground response curves for a circular tu...

Abstract Stability of large underground structures depends on not only rock mass conditions but also excavation stages and support systems. In addition, complexity geological interaction with in situ affect the performance design. The Akyazı tunnel (Trabzon, Turkey) is 2478 m long was designed as 3 lanes double tubes, number at junction part increases to 5. Tunnel cross-sectional area from reac...

In this paper we discuss the issues of wireless mobile networks for intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and examine several available technologies. Furthermore, we propose a design of secure transparent mobile IP to provide broadband ITS services over wireless LAN that improves upon security, transparency and handoff of mobile IP. The proposed design adopts a tunnel-in-tunnel mechanism for...