This paper shows how the identiication step in several identiication for control schemes can be performed in a uniied and simpliied manner. We utilize a particularly simple indirect method for closed-loop identiica-tion and show how the x noise model/preelter should be chosen in order to match the identiication and control criteria.

OBJECTIVES Indirect comparison methods have been increasingly used to assess the effectiveness of different interventions comparatively. This study evaluated a Trial Similarity and Evidence Consistency Assessment (TSECA) framework for assessing key assumptions underlying the validity of indirect comparisons. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We applied the TSECA framework to 94 Cochrane Systematic Rev...

Standardization is a method used to compare observed and expected rates of a given disease/outcome by removing the influence of factors that may confound the comparison. There are two major standardization methods: one is used when the 'standard' is the structure of a population (direct method) and the other when the 'standard' is a set of specific event rates (indirect method). The direct stan...

The construction of the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic manual has been guided primarily by concerns of construct validity rather than of clinical utility, despite claims by its authors that the highest priority has in fact been clinical utility. The purpose of this article was to further articulate the concept and importance of utility when constructing and evaluating a diagnosti...

Implant surgery complications are frequent occurrences in dental practice and knowledge in the management of these cases is essential. The aim of this review was to highlight the challenges of treatment plan-related, anatomy-related, and procedure-related surgical complications as well as to discuss the etiology, management and treatment options to achieve a satisfactory treatment outcome.

abstract   background: fractures of the tibia are important for their commonness and controversy in their management. both conservative and surgical techniques have been introduced in an effort to speed time to :::::union::::: while minimizing the occurrence of complications. standard treatment for low-energy tibial shaft fractures includes closed reduction and cast immobilization. the purpose ...

rectal cancer is the second most common cancer in large intestine. the prevalence and the number of young patients diagnosed with rectal cancer have made it as one of the major health problems in the world. with regard to the improved access to and use of modern screening tools, a number of new cases are diagnosed each year. considering the location of the rectum and its adjacent organs, manage...