A researcher in the field of history pays attention to the science of the historiographies characteristics presented by different sects. The present study aimed to survey the most important features of Orientalist historiography in contemporary Iran. Based on the results, the components of colonial Orientalist historiography origins are as follows: the distortion and denial of Islam, the perver...

European travelers in Africa in the mid-19th century encountered environments quite unlike those of their native lands. These provided many new and unanticipated health challenges. The ophthalmological consequences of exposure to such climates, as recorded incidentally in travelogues, are of potential interest. In this article, the almost contemporaneous narratives of 3 travelers with considera...

In the early stage of Islam, Prophet Muhammad in the eyes of Meccans was an arch enemy of their lucrative business and a great threat to the religion of their forefathers. To stop his monotheism, they launched their vicious campaign against him, and thus they called him an enraptured poet and ambitious self-seeker; however, the prophet’s peaceful victory over them resulted in the cessation of t...