H ighway congestion is a daily phenomenon in all large metropolitan areas and a source of frustration and anxiety for millions of commuters and truckers. Incidents—vehicle accidents and breakdowns that tie up highway traffic-are a major cause of urban highway congestion. Once a concern limited to downtown areas of major cities, congestion is now a metropolitan-wide problem in medium, as well as...

                                                                   Introduction: Iran is one of the major focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the world. Despite continued control efforts, the incidence of CL has increas...

Walking being the oldest form of urban transport, and until the advent of major transformationsin transport technology in the nineteenth century, most cities were structured in ways that supported walkability.Today, there is a change in transportation which emphasizes, the traditional pedestrian paths which are increasinglybecoming non-regulated spaces when compared to the urban spaces for auto...

In 2010, 17% of the U.S. population lived in rural (nonmetropolitan) areas. Many rural areas are medically underserved due to physician (especially specialist) shortages. Rural hospitals often are small, with a low volume of services, and have difficulty remaining financially viable under the regular hospital prospective payment system. Special Medicare hospital payment categories have been est...

Traffic congestion is becoming a serious environmental threat that must be resolved quickly. Traditionally, travel information systems have been specific to a particular mode of transport. For instance, traffic information (road conditions broadcast) has been directed at drivers. Instead, travel information systems are now being developed which incorporate route guidance systems to divert drive...