The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of loading direction on the structural response of the human clavicle subjected to three-point bending. A total of 20 clavicles were obtained from 10 unembalmed fresh-frozen postmortem human subjects ranging from 45 to 92 years of age. The right and left clavicles from each subject were randomly divided into two test groups. One group was...

The elastic structures of many muscles include both an extramuscular free tendon as well as a sheet-like aponeurosis. An important distinguishing feature of aponeuroses is that these tendinous structures function as the attachment and insertion surfaces of muscle fascicles and therefore surround a substantial portion of the muscle belly. As a result, aponeuroses must expand both parallel (longi...

Isometric force and 45Ca efflux from the sarcoplasmic reticulum were measured at 19 degrees C in frog skeletal muscle fibers skinned by microdissection. After Ca2+ loading, application of the ionophores monensin, an Na+(K+)/H+ exchanger, or gramicidin D, an H+ greater than K+ greater than Na+ channel-former, evoked rapid force development and stimulated release of approximately 30% of the accum...

A biomechanical in vitro study was performed on 16 fresh frozen cadaver forearms to investigate the role of the transverse carpal ligament (TCL) in carpal stability. The distance between the scaphoid and hamate was measured, as a reference for the length of the TCL. Distances were recorded in both loaded and unloaded conditions after gradual sectioning of the transverse carpal ligament, the pal...

The distributions of stresses and deflection in rectangular isotropic and orthotropic plates with central circular hole under transverse static loading have been studied using finite element method. The aim of author is to analyze the effect of D/A ratio (where D is hole diameter and A is plate width) upon stress concentration factor (SCF) and deflection in isotropic and orthotropic plates unde...

Isometric force and "Ca efflux from the sarcoplasmic reticulum were measured at 19°C in frog skeletal muscle fibers skinned by microdissection . After Ca" loading, application of the ionophores monensin, an Na+(K+)/ H' exchanger, or gramicidin D, an H+ > K' > Na' channel-former, evoked rapid force development and stimulated release of ^"30% of the accumulated "Ca within 1 min, whereas CCCP (car...

In this study, nonlinear bending of functionally graded (FG) circular sector plates with simply supported radial edges subjected to transverse mechanical loading has been investigated. Based on the first-order shear deformation plate theory with von Karman strain-displacement relations, the nonlinear equilibrium equations of sector plates are obtained. Introducing a stress function and a potent...

The electron beam which IS accelerated in the SLAC two-mile accelerator exhibits both transverse and longitudinal interactions with the disk-loaded waveguide, The transverse interactions include such effects as rf steering caused by field asymmetries which exist in the couplers, and beam breakup, The latter is a growing instability which occurs above a given current threshold and deflects the b...

Anatomical texts agree on most muscle actions, with a notable exception being the action of the adductors of the hip in the transverse plane. Some texts list an action of the adductor brevis (AB), adductor longus (AL), and/or adductor magnus (AM) as internal rotation, whereas others list an action of external rotation. The purpose of this article is to present a functional model in support of t...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of 2D ultrasound elastography to assess tendon tissue motion and strain under axial loading conditions. Four porcine flexor tendons were cyclically loaded to 4% peak strain using a servo hydraulic test system. An ultrasound transducer was positioned to image a longitudinal cross-section of the tendon during loading. Ultrasound radiofrequency (RF...