It has been 211 years since C. Grapengiesser first published a book entitled Galvanism to Cure Some Diseases (original title: Galvanismus zur Heilung einiger Krankheiten) describing the successful use of galvanic currents in treating several patients with pain and strokes. A comparatively short time of slightly more than a decade has passed since tDCS with weak currents in the range of 1 to 2 m...

BACKGROUND The red ear syndrome represents a rare symptom complex consisting of auricular erythema associated with painful and burning sensations. It has been described in combination with tinnitus rarely. It has been hypothesized to be etiologically related to altered trigeminal afferent input, temporomandibular disorders, and thalamic dysfunction. OBJECTIVES The initial objective of applyin...

The aim of the present study was to test whether transcranial electrical stimulation can modulate illusory perception in the auditory domain. In two separate experiments we applied transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (anodal/cathodal tDCS, 2 mA; N = 60) and high-frequency transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (hf-tRNS, 1.5 mA, offset 0; N = 45) on the temporal cortex during the presentation...

a b s t r a c tthe applications of neurophysiological therapy techniques range far and few in the realm of modern day medicine. however, the concept of electromagnetic stimulation, the basis for many noninvasive brain stimulation (nibs) techniques today, has been of interest to the scientific community since the late nineteenth century. recently, transcranial direct current stimulation (tdcs) a...

Noninvasive brain stimulation is being widely investigated to understand and modulate human brain function, and offers novel therapeutic approaches to neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Here, we focus on the growing interest in the potential of noninvasive brain stimulation, particularly transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES), to enhance cognitive abilities in healthy individuals through ...

In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in the understanding and practical use of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques. Nevertheless, to date, this experimental effort has not been accompanied by substantial reflections on the models and mechanisms that could explain the stimulation effects. Given these premises, the aim of this article is to provide an updated pictu...