tramadol hydrochloride, a synthetic opioid, acts via a multiple mechanism of action. tramadol can potentially change the behavioral phenomena. the present study evaluates the effect of tramadol after single or multiple dose/s on the spatial memory of rat using object recognition task (ort). tramadol, 20 mg/kg, was injected intraperitoneally (i.p) as a single dose or once a day for 21 successive...

Tramadol is a synthetic, centrally acting, opiate-like analgesic that is structurally related to codeine and morphine. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of tramadol hydrochloride and its major active metabolite O-desmethyltramadol (M1) in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). A single dose of tramadol was administered orally in fish at 2 mg/kg to a to...

Objective: The primary goal of this study was to develop a topical gel containing tramadol hydrochloride-loaded Niosomes injection technique as the vesicular carrier for site-specific delivery. Methods: niosomes were created by varying ratios nonionic surfactants (Tween 80, Tween 60, 20, Span and 80) cholesterol while keeping drug concentration constant. Results Discussion: Each formulation exa...

BACKGROUND Tramadol hydrochloride is available as 50 mg immediate-release (IR) and 100 mg, 200 mg, and 300 mg sustained-release (SR) tablets. The recommended dose of tramadol is 50-100 mg IR tablets every 4-6 hours. The tramadol SR 200 mg tablet is a better therapeutic option, with a reduced frequency of dosing, and improved patient compliance and quality of life. The present study evaluated th...

Background and Objective: Polymorphic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 activity has been shown to be a determinant of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tramadol via hepatic phase I O-demethylation of ( )-tramadol to ( )-O-desmethyltramadol. Our objective was to investigate whether tramadol can be used as a probe for CYP2D6 phenotyping by determining the concordance between the 8-hour tramad...