The use of animals and plants as traditional remedies for medical magico-religious purposes has a long history socio-cultural economic importance in South Africa. Herein, we aim to characterize the social value wild animal species used traditional, belief-based medicine within Africa from healers’ perspective explore knowledge plant-based alternatives wildlife-based derivatives this type trade....

The Recovery postulate for contraction says that any beliefs lost due to the contraction of some belief p should return if p is immediately re-asserted. Recovery holds for logically closed sets of beliefs, but it does not hold for belief bases (sets of beliefs that are not logically closed). This paper discusses the Recovery aspect of the belief base optimizing operation of reconsideration (whi...

Optimized Recovery (OR) adds belief base optimization to the traditional Recovery postulate—improving Recovery adherence without sacrificing adherence to the more accepted postulates or to the foundations approach. Reconsideration and belief liberation systems both optimize a knowledge base through consolidation of a chain of base beliefs; and recovered base beliefs are returned to the base. Th...

Traditional Dempster Shafer belief theory does not provide a simple method for judging the effect of statistical and probabilistic data on belief functions and vice versa. This puts belief theory in isolation from probability theory and hinders fertile cross-disciplinary developments, both from a theoretic and an application point of view. It can be shown that a bijective mapping exists between...

background: the greatest pressure in the physiological life of women is caused during pregnancy due to the occurrence of most important changes in their biological status. weight gain considered as one of the valid indicators of proper nutrition during pregnancy which is evaluated by body mass index (bmi). the aim of this study was to compare the effect of nutrition education program based on h...

A notion of an epistemic state is introduced as a generalization of common representations suggested for belief change. Based on it, we deene a new kind of nonmonotonic inference relation corresponding to belief contractions. A number of representation results is established, covering both traditional AGM contractions and contractions that do not satisfy recovery.