A ballasted railway track system comprises several components among which steel rails, rail fasteners, timber, steel or concrete sleepers, granular ballast, sub-ballast, and subgrade materials are the main parts. Railway track systems are constructed to provide a smooth and safe running surface for passenger or freight trains. They are designed to sustain the force of lateral, longitudinal and ...

high speed trains are an indispensable part of rapid transportation systems in many countries. as the fastest means of transport on the ground, these trains are extremely sensitive to the terrain and track conditions. geometrical irregularities and mechanical characteristics of the track, together with inconsistencies in the lane (including bridges that support the track) are considered importa...

High speed trains are an indispensable part of rapid transportation systems in many countries. As the fastest means of transport on the ground, these trains are extremely sensitive to the terrain and track conditions. Geometrical irregularities and mechanical characteristics of the track, together with inconsistencies in the lane (including bridges that support the track) are considered importa...

the vibrations produced by trains include two parts which are deterministic and random vibrations. due to variation of dynamic loads and patterns of load-time, the random vibration of moving train is one of the most important issues in the field of railway engineering. one of the important sources in producing the train vibrations is rail roughness and irregularities. in this paper, responses o...

Urban railway tracks are the primary modes of transportation in many cities worldwide. Track vehicles mostly use DC from overhead lines, and rails used as return conductors. Because it is challenging to fully insulate rail ensure high rail-to-ground resistance, current leaks lower part track. This referred stray current. To determine detrimental effects on fastening system components, we perfor...

CMS silicon Tracker alignment consists of three key components: Survey during tracker construction, measurements with the Laser Alignment System during operation and track based alignment. Methods and results are explained in detail, with a special focus on track based alignment due to its enormous complexity and numerical challenges. Presented at Vertex06 – 15th International Workshop On Verte...

Status of this Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Abstract This document defines a URI sche...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide updated information on recent developments within individual components of multimodal interventions to improve postoperative outcome (fast-track methodology). RECENT FINDINGS The value of the fast-track methodology to improve recovery and decrease hospital stay and morbidity has been firmly consolidated, especially in colorectal procedures. An increasing amount of...

the constitutive relationships of the rubber materials that act as the main spring of a hydraulic engine mount are nonlinear. in addition to material induced nonlinearity, further nonlinearities may be introduced by mount geometry, turbulent fluid behavior, temperature, boundary conditions, decoupler action, and hysteretic behavior. in this research all influence the behavior of the system only...