Historically, characters from early animal development have been a potentially rich source of phylogenetic information, but many traits associated with the gametes and larval stages of animals with complex life cycles are widely suspected to have evolved frequent convergent similarities. Such convergences will confound true phylogenetic relationships. We compared phylogenetic inferences based o...

The chorionic structure of sixteen pentatomid species is described. Morphological patterns in different taxonomic levels are discussed. In addition, egg characters useful in cladistic analyses are listed, and some of those characters are tested for congruence with two cladistic analyses previously conducted within Pentatomidae. Descriptive studies were conducted with Banasa induta, Capivaccius ...

In this paper, we present algorithms for pattern matching, where either the pattern P or the text T can contain “don’t care” characters. If the pattern P contains don’t care characters, then we can solve the pattern matching problem in O(n +m + α) time, where α is the total number of occurrences of the component subpatterns. We also can handle online queries, given an O(n) preprocessing time, r...

Morphological integration predicts that correlated characters will coevolve; thus, each distinct suite of correlated characters might be expected to evolve according to a separate clock or 'pacemaker'. Characters in a large morphological dataset for mammals were found to be evolving according to seven separate clocks, each distinct from the molecular clock. Total-evidence tip-dating using these...

In this paper, a zone based features are extracted from handwritten Kannada Vowels and English uppercase Character images for their recognition. A Total of 4,000 handwritten Kannada and English sample images are collected for classifications. The collected images are normalized into 32 x 32 dimensions. Then the normalized images are divided into 64 zones and their pixel densities are calculated...

Analyses of living and fossil taxa are crucial for understanding biodiversity through time. The total evidence method allows living and fossil taxa to be combined in phylogenies, using molecular data for living taxa and morphological data for living and fossil taxa. With this method, substantial overlap of coded anatomical characters among living and fossil taxa is vital for accurately inferrin...

Noticeable variation was observed in a number of morphological characters in the Glycyrrhiza specimens in various habitats in north of Iran. To study these variations, two taxa related to the Hyrcanian region from all four known taxa of this genus in Iran, including Glycyrrhiza echinata, and G. glabra var. glabra were studied by numerical taxonomy using morphological characters in three provinc...