statement of the problem : geographic tongue is characterized by loss of filliform papillae in an erythematous area with keratotic borders. it vanishes after a while and reappears in another area. it is relatively common and is most seen among females. considering such problems as pain, burning sensation and sharp pain in tongue, decreasing of taste sensation, cancer phobia and esthetic problem...

Liquids are complex consonants that employ multiple gestures of the tongue in order to achieve specific tongue shapes. In the case of the lateral liquid /l/, that specific shape involves lowering and curling of the tongue along the blade. Many models of speech treat /l/ simply as a combination of tongue tip closure and tongue body retraction gestures, with tongue shaping receiving little attent...

Tongue inspection is a unique and important method of diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is a diagnostic approach which involves observing the changes in the tongue proper and tongue coating in order to understand the physiological functions and pathological changes of the body. However, the biological basis of TCM tongue diagnosis remains to be poorly understood and lacks syst...

a 40-day-old male holstein breed calf with a complaint of inability of moving the tongue in and out aswell as difficulties with breastfeeding was referred to the veterinary clinic. a notch in the middle of thetongue tip was evident during oral examination. in addition, a thin tissue band between the ventral surface of the tongue and floor of the oral cavity was seen in the calf. a diagnosis of ...

A 40-day-old male Holstein breed calf with a complaint of inability of moving the tongue in and out aswell as difficulties with breastfeeding was referred to the veterinary clinic. A notch in the middle of thetongue tip was evident during oral examination. In addition, a thin tissue band between the ventral surface of the tongue and floor of the oral cavity was seen in the calf. A diagnosis of ...

Almost twenty years have passed since the muscular hydro-stat theory of tongue function was set forth (7). Yet few studies have explored one of its central predictions: that " extrinsic " tongue muscles (muscles with origin outside the tongue body) and " intrinsic " tongue muscles (muscles with both origin and insertion in the tongue body) must be coactive in most tongue movements. An exclusive...

Tongue diagnosis, as a unique method of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), was used to discriminate physiological functions and pathological conditions by observing the changes of the tongue and tongue coating. The aims of the present study were to explore a potential screening and early diagnosis method of cancer through evaluating the differences of the images of tongue and tongue coating an...

The functional impact of pulmonary C-fiber activation on upper airway biomechanics has not been evaluated. Here, we tested the hypothesis that pulmonary C-fiber activation alters the respiratory-related control of tongue movements. The force produced by tongue movements was quantified in spontaneously breathing, anesthetized adult rats before and after stimulation of pulmonary C fibers via intr...

ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) is a congenital anomaly with a prevalence of 4-5% and characterized by an abnormally short lingual frenulum. for unknown reasons the abnormality seems to be more common in males. the pathogenesis of ankyloglossia is not known. the authors report a family with isolated ankyloglossia inherited as an autosomal dominant or recessive trait. the identification of the defect...

The physical status of humans can be estimated by observing the appearance of the tongue coating, known as tongue diagnosis. The goals of this study were to reveal the relationship between tongue coating appearance and the oral microbiota in patients with gastric cancer and to open a novel research direction supporting tongue diagnosis. We used a tongue manifestation acquisition instrument to a...