An efficient copper-catalyzed carbon-sulfur bond formation reaction was developed. This method is particularly noteworthy given its experimental simplicity, high generality, and exceptional level of functional group toleration and the low cost of the catalyst system. [reaction: see text]

It is a fact that software has bugs. These bugs can lead to failures. Especially dependability and security failures are a great threat to software users. This thesis introduces four novel approaches that can be used to automatically harden software at the user’s site. Automatic hardening removes bugs from already deployed software. All four approaches are automated, i.e., they require little s...

Growing evidence indicates the safety and well toleration of treatment by Disease-modifying in children suffering multiple sclerosis (MS). The treatment is not straight forward in a great number of patients, thus patients with pediatric MS must be managed by experienced specialized centers. Common treatments of multiple sclerosis for adults are first-line therapies. These therapies (firstline) ...

My title is “Arguing for Freedom of Religion,” not “Toleration,” because I follow the eighteenth-century writer Christoph Martin Wieland in taking “toleration" to connote a gift or indulgence from majority minority, whereas true freedom religion would put everybody on same plane believe and practice as they see fit, at all. consider three historically distinct ways arguing religion: premise hel...

Scientific (disunity) pluralism is the view according to which there is a plurality of scientific domains and of scientific theories, and these theories are empirically adequate relative to their own respective domains. Scientific monism is the view according to which there is a single domain to which all scientific theories apply. How are these views impacted by the presence of inconsistent sc...

Pierre Bayle (1647–1706) developed an expansive theory of toleration in his Commentaire philosophique (1686) by arguing that tolerance is a universal principle natural law. However, situating...