Here, we have investigated the mRNA expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), TLR-4, and MD-2 in spleens and livers of C3H/HeN mice (carrying wild-type TLR-4) and C3H/HeJ mice (carrying mutated TLR-4) in response to Salmonella infection. During Salmonella infections, TLR-4 is activated, leading to increased TLR-2 and decreased TLR-4 expression.

INTRODUCTION Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) constitutively express two members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, TLR-9 and TLR-7, through which they can be stimulated to produce high levels of interferon (IFN)-α, a key mediator of the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Given the known efficacy of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in the treatment of SLE, we examined its abili...

Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) is a critical regulator of TOLL- like receptor (TLR)-signaling pathway. It predominantly associated with TLR2 and TLR4 during acute inflammatory conditions inhibits the TLR-mediated nuclear factor-kappa activation by suppressing autophosphorylation interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase its activity. This article describes Tollip Labeo rohita (LrTollip), high...

INTRODUCTION Although we have a detailed understanding of how single microbial derived triggers activate specialized Toll-like receptors (TLR) on airway epithelial cells, we know little of how these receptors react in a more complex environment. In everyday life, nasal epithelial cells are exposed to multiple TLR agonists, therefore we explored whether exposure to one trigger could affect the r...

background: early childhood caries (ecc) is a common health problem in the developing countries. basic knowledge about the etiology and pathogenesis of ecc plays an important role in its prevention. objective: to determine the relationship between salivary tlr-2 concentration and early childhood caries formation methods: twenty-eight children with ages ranging from 36 to 71 months (15 in ecc gr...

A missense mutation in the cytoplasmic domain of the Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) has been identified as the defect responsible for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) hyporesponsiveness in C3H/HeJ mice. TLR-4 and TLR-2 have recently been implicated in LPS signaling in studies where these receptors were overexpressed in LPS non-responsive 293 human embryonic kidney cells. However, the signaling role of TL...

PURPOSE To investigate the function and expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) in bone marrow cells of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients and to examine their involvement in the apoptotic phenomenon characterizing MDS hematopoiesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TLR mRNA and protein expression was investigated in bone marrow cell populations of MDS patients and controls. TLR-4 ability to recogniz...

Toll-like Receptors (TLR) are phylogenetically conserved transmembrane proteins responsible for detection of pathogens and activation of immune responses in diverse animal species. The stimulation of TLR by pathogen-derived molecules leads to the production of pro-inflammatory mediators including cytokines and nitric oxide. Although TLR-induced events are critical for immune induction, uncontro...