Corbynism and Macronism represent two distinct attempts at centre-left renewal, both personalised yet evolving on the back of mass movements. This chapter summarises trajectory in terms ideological content organisational change asks what lessons they convey about future social democracy twenty-first century.

like other religions, there are various currents in imami shiite in the first centuries. this article, relying on discourse analysis and by concentrating on oppositions, attempts to identify the internal shiite currents in iraq and iran in the second and third centuries. according to historical evidences, the opposition between school of hisham ibn al-hakam and majority of shia, which was schoo...

an examination of historical text and archaeological data show that mehrjanqadhaq was one of the important states of western iran which had been founded and formed in a region now known as darreshsher or more exactly in saimara valley. the history of the state goes back to parthian era. archaeological data in confirmation of historical texts both indicate settlement sequence form parthian era t...