We propose an efficient rendering method for dynamic scenes under all-frequency environmental lighting. To render the surfaces of objects illuminated by distant environmental lighting, the triple product of the lighting, the visibility function and the BRDF is integrated at each shading point on the surfaces. Our method represents the environmental lighting and the BRDF with a linear combinatio...

employees’ satisfaction based on their physical environment is an important factor that can improve employees’ performance, job satisfaction, and organizational productivity in office buildings. occupants’ environmental satisfaction are related to 10 different characteristics, including thermal comfort, air quality, lighting, acoustic quality, office layout, workspace furnishing, cleanliness an...

Reliability issues in solid state lighting (SSL) devices based on light emitting diodes (LED) is of major concern as it is a limiting factor to promote these optoelectronic devices for general lighting purposes. This postulate is even truer for high power devices in which high current and thus high thermal load are involved. In order to increase reliability and lighting efficacy, LED designs re...

In a distribution ray tracer, the crucial part of the direct lighting calculation is the sampling strategy for shadow ray testing. Monte Carlo integration with importance sampling is used to carry out this calculation. Importance sampling involves the design of integrand-speci c probability density functions which are used to generate sample points for the numerical quadrature. Probability dens...

in this paper, to address the effect of reactor performance and configuration of biodiesel production on subsequent process parameters (including mass & energy consumption, required facilities etc.) two diverse biodiesel production processes (from plant oil) were implemented/designed using aspen hysys v7.2. two series reactors were taken into account in these designs where in the first and seco...

In a distribution ray tracer, the crucial part of the direct lighting calculation is the sampling strategy for shadow ray testing. Monte Carlo integration with importance sampling is used to carry out this calculation. Importance sampling involves the design of integrand-specic probability density functions which are used to generate sample points for the numerical quadrature. Probability densi...

Some types of biomass stoves, such as charcoal stoves, tend to be difficult to light due to poor initial draft and sensitivity to ambient wind. Decreasing the time necessary to light such stoves could increase user acceptance and convenience and decrease the user’s exposure to harmful emissions, as ignition is one of the smokiest portions of a cooking fire and may require close tending attentio...

this paper classifies green envelopes as green roofs and green walls according to effective factors, which were derived from literature to compare the green envelopes’ thermal and energy performance in a more effective way. for this purpose, an extensive literature review was carried out by searching keywords in databases and studying related journal papers and articles. the research method for...

The integration of optical fibers into solar energy systems requires a tradeoff between the cost, attenuation, and a limited flux carrying capability (due to limited Numerical Aperture) on one hand, and the flexibility in light distribution on the other hand. This paper presents a novel approach that minimizes the length of fibers in the system while fully utilizing the flexibility advantage. O...

Smart city is an attractive way of making the city more livable through intelligent solutions that are enabled by information and communication technology. Regarding the lighting system, it achieves the perfect balance between beautiful city ambience and preserving the darkness that makes cities more livable. As a smart city component, a public lighting system offers much more than light itself...