Amorphous carbon films were examined by low frequency scanning-probe acoustic microscopy (LF-SPAM). Local elastic properties as well as topography were imaged in the acoustic mode. Two kinds of subsurface defects were revealed by the LF-SPAM method. The influence of the subsur-face defects on the elastic properties was also discussed. The ability to image subsurface defects was dependent on the...

global warming, as a consequence of greenhouse gases accumulation, has exerted significant impacts on biosphere. methane, a product of reduction processes of organic carbon in anaerobic conditions, is mainly emitted from paddy fields. the aim followed in this research is to evaluate the impact of midseason drainage on methane emission from paddy fields. the research was conducted with three tre...

The most sustainable and best quality fresh water sources in the world originate in forest ecosystems. The biological, chemical, and physical characteristics of forest soils are particularly well suited to delivering high quality water to streams, moderating stream hydrology, and providing diverse aquatic habitat. Forest soils feature litter layers and high organic contents, both of which contr...

This work investigates plastic deformation around non-metallic inclusions in rolling contact fatigue applications. Subsurface stresses from Hertzian theory are applied form of far-field loading on an elasto-plastic micro-mechanical model isolated inclusion. Initial and cyclic micro-scale plasticity quantified, assuming linear kinematic hardening for the steel matrix elastic or perfectly behavio...

The Budyko framework provides a quantitative description of long-term average annual evapotranspiration at catchment scales in terms of macro-climatic variables. This framework, however, makes no reference to the vadose zone because it neglects changes in subsurface storage in the catchment water balance. Recent studies have shown clearly that vadose-zone water storage cannot be neglected at su...

Abstract In this paper, we present an analysis using unsupervised machine learning (ML) to identify the key geologic factors that contribute geothermal production in Brady field. is a hydrothermal system northwestern Nevada supports both electricity and direct use of fluids. Transmissive fluid-flow pathways are relatively rare subsurface, but critical components systems like many other types fr...